テンプレート変数表

Prof. Makoto NAKANE

Prof. Makoto NAKANE
Professor, Department of Childhood Care and Education, Ryukoku University Junior College; Director, Child Care and Delinquency Unit, Criminology Research Center
[Profile]:
Research into social welfare studies. Research into child and family welfare and education, community welfare, and the author of articles that discuss childcare based on the history of welfare education in Taisho Era Japan.

Considering Childcare in terms of Delinquency Prevention
For the last 10 years, my research has been dedicated to childcare. Although social welfare studies often covers child and family welfare as social care, it currently seldom covers childcare. Instead of looking at conditions in nursery schools, kindergartens, and day nurseries within certified centers for early childhood education and care, I focus on what kinds of families and communities children spend time in after they leave organized care, and study childcare from the viewpoint of community welfare.
The provision of more day nurseries to look after the children of working mothers has recently become a pressing issue that is not simply related to the number of day nurseries. Unlike parents, day nurseries must address differences in child growth and development associated with varied family circumstances. However, this topic is missing from our discussion, which I see as a problem.
Let us assume differences and inadequacies in how parents raise children and address their child’s education affect development, prevent children from building relationships based on mutual trust, and turn children to delinquency. In such cases, the family and social environment around the child present an obstacle unsurmountable by the efforts of the child. Although the Criminology Research Center and Ryukoku Corrections and Rehabilitation Center place substantial value on rehabilitation and support for social reintegration, I believe that prevention before the onset of delinquency or crime is also an important issue. As a first step in researching crime and delinquency prevention, my studies focus on early childhood and through historical inquiry intend to determine what kind of childcare we need.

Childcare Workers of the Past who Observed the Family through their Children
I am currently studying historical materials of the Japan Educational Mutual Aid of Welfare Foundation, which established 9 day nurseries in Osaka City from 1913 onwards. Similar to the present day, in Taisho Era Japan many children were sent to a day nursery while both parents worked to provide for the family. The Japan Educational Mutual Aid of Welfare Foundation not only looked after children but also provided parents with information on child-rearing, such as instructing parents not to pay children for errands but instead save the money for their education. Specifically, a family meeting was held at each day nursery once every two months to address a wide range of family concerns including child-rearing and health, and also encourage correction and improvement of poor habits in the family. In other words, childcare workers used to observe the family as a whole through their children and provide lifestyle guidance.
In Kobe, a day nursery for soldiers’ children was established (1904) for mothers forced to work after their husbands were called to fight in the Russo-Japanese War, and after the war ended these childcare businesses continued. The prevailing view at the time was that fatherless households would lead to childhood delinquency since child-rearing tends to go neglected due to time constraints, and day nurseries and child care centers were also needed in terms of delinquency prevention. When there was inadequate instruction in the home due to working parents or other circumstances, supplemental childcare was provided through day nurseries. As such, I am studying the function and role of childcare businesses in delinquency prevention by carefully comparing and contrasting the circumstances of education in the present day and past eras.

Insights from Economics: Early Childhood Education is Important
Economics has revealed the importance of education in early childhood. James Heckman, an American economist who won the Nobel Prize in Economics, argued that education in early childhood is important for improving the quality of life and economic circumstances of children raised in disadvantaged families. His research mainly used experimental results from the Perry Preschool Project conducted in 1960s America. Specifically, children aged 3 to 4 were randomly selected from economically disadvantaged families and followed until 40 years-of-age. Observations showed a higher level of education and better results on academic achievement tests among children who received pre-school education compared to those who received none, and also a lower rate of dependency on welfare and arrest among children who received pre-school education.
Therefore, pre-school education improves non-cognitive skills such as motivation, fortitude, and concertedness, which are signs of social and emotional capacity, and this effect continues into adulthood. This finding showed that childcare and childcare workers not only play a role in child development but also have a positive effect both economically and socially. Based on this research, I also hope to investigate the state of social intervention during early childhood and how to institute such social intervention.

『英語中間構文の研究』ひつじ書房　323ページ　2020年2月20日刊　【右】
吉村公宏先生（龍谷大学文学部英語英米文学科教授）著
能動態・受動態という言葉は聞かれたことがあると思います。「本を売る」が能動態で「本が売られる」が受動態です。中間構文とは「この本はよく売れる」のような文のことで２つの態の中間にあります。英語の中間構文でもThis book sells wellと言えます。ところが、This book buys well, This book understands easilyなどとは言えません。同じように、Japanese cars drive easilyは問題ありませんが、Japanese cars admire
very oftenとは言えません。いろいろな現象を見ていくと、この種の主語の属性を描く表現には独特の捉え方があり、究極的にはモノと人間が一体となったような気持ちが潜んでいます。物心一如と言いますが、大昔の人たちが世界を見ていたときの気持ちが息づいているとても面白い構文です。

The English middle construction (e.g. John’s book sells well) has been of great
interest to researchers since the 1940’s. Looking back on studies by Traditional,
Generative and Cognitive grammarians, this book sheds a fresh and challenging
light on the construction and construal unique to the middle construction in
terms of Cognitive Semantics. Positing that the ‘telic role’, which implicitly
involves a reference to some ‘action’, inheres in every artifactual entity,
this book claims that such a role ‘agrees’ with its predication contents,
ultimately motivating the notion of ‘responsibility’. Regarding the constructional
network model, this construction accommodates the property reading so flexibly
that neighboring constructions such as unergative and unaccusative can be
parasitically incorporated into this construction.


『ことばから心へ－認知の深淵』開拓社　426ページ　2020年3月26日刊　【左】
米倉よう子・山本　修・浅井良策　編
私の退職（奈良教育大学）を記念して編まれた３８名の寄稿者による論文集です。一介の凡庸な教員である私にとっては過分な贈り物で、たいへん嬉しく光栄なことです。大家から新進気鋭の研究者まで、最新の研究成果が凝縮された密度の濃い論文集です。メタファー・メトニミー、構文文法、類型論、言語発達、言語教育など多様なジャンルにまたがった高い水準の論考が収められています。僭越ですが、ぜひ多くの方々に手に取っていただきたく紹介させていただきました。

文学部英語英米文学科　吉村公宏教授

Prof. Satoru YOSHIKAWA

Prof. Satoru YOSHIKAWA
Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Ryukoku University; Director, Dialogical Communication Unit, Criminology Research Center
[Profile]:
Not only an educator, Satoru Yoshikawa also takes on multiple cases daily as a clinical and medical psychologist. An advocate of the systems approach, which is a form of psychotherapy which was developed from family therapy.

　

Considering Crime in the Context of Mutual Interactions and Not the Individual
What kind of communication improves the effectiveness of recovery support and the initial process of reintegrating criminals back into society? My research is aimed at building supportive relationships using dialogical communication practiced in clinical psychology.
This research is based on a systems approach, which is a methodology of human service that developed from family therapy. The systems approach first involves understanding the circumstances between the people concerned, then intervening directly in mutual interactions between these people to change their relationships. In focusing on the relationships that encompass and include a given person, the systems approach is a complete departure from the methodology used by conventional clinical psychology that is based on individual psychology. Individual psychology assumes that humans have fixed characteristics and people behave in the same way under the same circumstances, but I reject this assumption. People display a variety of patterns of behavior because our resources and criteria for decision-making are circumstantial and always changing based on our relationship with our surroundings. The suppression of deviant behavior is not accomplished by the individual alone but within a given context of surrounding relationships. Rehabilitation support has so far focused on who is the cause of problems and why they occur, but the systems approach looks at what actions occurred in what circumstances under the mutual interaction of multiple people.


The Necessity of Social Networks in Preventing Social Isolation
The goal of the systems approach is behavioral change of the subject that amounts to the subject adopting socially appropriate behavior. Dialogical communication is a good way of achieving this goal. Dialogical communication is not simply an exchange of information about experiences and emotions in conversation, but a dialogue that fosters engagement with others through communication. For example, by asking someone “What do you prefer to be called?” rather than asking “What is your name?”, you prompt the subject into thinking before responding. The subject is presented with a variety of ways of viewing matters to prompt self-reflection on a deeper level and, by creating a reciprocal situation through dialogue, altering their presumptions.
From the standpoint of the systems approach, rehabilitation involves reintegrating the subject into a social network, hence how a subject connects with their surroundings is important. By contrast, when considering rehabilitation from the point of view of correction and rehabilitation, facilitating dialogue and fostering a means of building a social network are huge challenges.

Studying Endeavors in the Field
By bringing the achievements of the systems approach and dialogical communication to a wider audience, we may be able to change how correction and rehabilitation are implemented on a practical level. To date, I have been spreading this clinical skill via training aimed at volunteer probation officers, judges, and family court probation officers. After forming connections with a large number of probation officers, I plan to research the practical adoption of the systems approach. I intend to verify differences with conventional psychotherapy and demonstrate the beneficial effects of the systems approach in concrete data. For now, I am examining how to obtain consent to conduct this research in the field.

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Ass. Prof. Akiko KOGAWARA

Ass. Prof. Akiko KOGAWARA
Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University; Director, Forensic Methodologies Unit, Criminology Research Center
[Profile]:
Studies the interaction between life and criminal law. Currently reviewing the scientific reliability of arrests and prosecutions based on the theory of shaken baby syndrome.

Was it Truly Abuse?
The Forensic Methodologies Unit deals with the relationship between criminal justice and science. Many different types of scientific evidence, such as DNA testimony and image analysis testimony, are used in court. This unit evaluates the reliability of scientific evidence in light of the findings of domestic and foreign scientists, aiming to set standards that ensure reliable testimonies in criminal trials.
Lately, we have primarily focused on Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) cases, which are increasingly reported in the media. The SBS theory * asserts that the violent shaking of an infant can cause a subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage, and brain edema. Some doctors consider the presence of these three symptoms (called a triad) to be evidence of abuse. Since many police officers, public prosecutors, and judges also share this view, some parents or caretakers have been arrested, charged, or convicted with child abuse and separated from their children. However, these symptoms can also occur from accidents (such as a fall from somewhere low) or other potential causes (such as a difficult delivery or illness).

* Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) theory started as a hypothesis by an American pediatrician in the 1970s. It is the theory that when there is a triad it is strongly believed that the child was shaken violently.

Review of Prevailing SBS Theory in Japan
Some experts have already cast doubt on the view that this triad is evidence of child abuse by shaking in the U.S., U.K., Sweden, and other countries. In Sweden, various reviews and experiments led to a published report stating the SBS theory is not scientifically reliable, and public prosecutors in Sweden now avoid SBS-based prosecutions. In short, the idea of SBS is better regarded as a hypothesis rather than a theory. Nevertheless, there is still a significant momentum behind the SBS theory among doctors in Japan, and combined with the toughness of public attitudes toward child abuse, it has been challenging to review the theory.
In February 2018, the Forensic Methodologies Unit invited neurosurgeons, lawyers, and victims of false accusations both from Japan and overseas to our international symposium titled Shaken Science—Reviewing SBS/AHT. The medical experts presented much evidence rebutting the SBS theory, and the lawyers and researchers talked about cases involving the SBS theory and identified legal issues.
We plan to continue this research and share our knowledge on the issues with a broader range of audiences, including the public, people involved in medical and childcare, and, most importantly, parents and caretakers raising children.

How should Forensic Science be handled in Criminal Justice?
Establishing the reliability of forensic evidence requires vast amounts of evidential data and careful verification of that data.
There are many types of forensic science commonly used at criminal trials other than the SBS theory, such as DNA test or hair analysis. While they help solve crimes, invalidated or improper forensic science can contribute to wrongful convictions. The Forensic Methodologies Unit intends to establish standards and introduce a paradigm essential to ensure the proper use of science in criminal justice.

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