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『英語中間構文の研究』ひつじ書房　323ページ　2020年2月20日刊　【右】
吉村公宏先生（龍谷大学文学部英語英米文学科教授）著
能動態・受動態という言葉は聞かれたことがあると思います。「本を売る」が能動態で「本が売られる」が受動態です。中間構文とは「この本はよく売れる」のような文のことで２つの態の中間にあります。英語の中間構文でもThis book sells wellと言えます。ところが、This book buys well, This book understands easilyなどとは言えません。同じように、Japanese cars drive easilyは問題ありませんが、Japanese cars admire
very oftenとは言えません。いろいろな現象を見ていくと、この種の主語の属性を描く表現には独特の捉え方があり、究極的にはモノと人間が一体となったような気持ちが潜んでいます。物心一如と言いますが、大昔の人たちが世界を見ていたときの気持ちが息づいているとても面白い構文です。

The English middle construction (e.g. John’s book sells well) has been of great
interest to researchers since the 1940’s. Looking back on studies by Traditional,
Generative and Cognitive grammarians, this book sheds a fresh and challenging
light on the construction and construal unique to the middle construction in
terms of Cognitive Semantics. Positing that the ‘telic role’, which implicitly
involves a reference to some ‘action’, inheres in every artifactual entity,
this book claims that such a role ‘agrees’ with its predication contents,
ultimately motivating the notion of ‘responsibility’. Regarding the constructional
network model, this construction accommodates the property reading so flexibly
that neighboring constructions such as unergative and unaccusative can be
parasitically incorporated into this construction.


『ことばから心へ－認知の深淵』開拓社　426ページ　2020年3月26日刊　【左】
米倉よう子・山本　修・浅井良策　編
私の退職（奈良教育大学）を記念して編まれた３８名の寄稿者による論文集です。一介の凡庸な教員である私にとっては過分な贈り物で、たいへん嬉しく光栄なことです。大家から新進気鋭の研究者まで、最新の研究成果が凝縮された密度の濃い論文集です。メタファー・メトニミー、構文文法、類型論、言語発達、言語教育など多様なジャンルにまたがった高い水準の論考が収められています。僭越ですが、ぜひ多くの方々に手に取っていただきたく紹介させていただきました。

文学部英語英米文学科　吉村公宏教授

Prof. Satoru YOSHIKAWA

Prof. Satoru YOSHIKAWA
Professor, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Ryukoku University; Director, Dialogical Communication Unit, Criminology Research Center
[Profile]:
Not only an educator, Satoru Yoshikawa also takes on multiple cases daily as a clinical and medical psychologist. An advocate of the systems approach, which is a form of psychotherapy which was developed from family therapy.

　

Considering Crime in the Context of Mutual Interactions and Not the Individual
What kind of communication improves the effectiveness of recovery support and the initial process of reintegrating criminals back into society? My research is aimed at building supportive relationships using dialogical communication practiced in clinical psychology.
This research is based on a systems approach, which is a methodology of human service that developed from family therapy. The systems approach first involves understanding the circumstances between the people concerned, then intervening directly in mutual interactions between these people to change their relationships. In focusing on the relationships that encompass and include a given person, the systems approach is a complete departure from the methodology used by conventional clinical psychology that is based on individual psychology. Individual psychology assumes that humans have fixed characteristics and people behave in the same way under the same circumstances, but I reject this assumption. People display a variety of patterns of behavior because our resources and criteria for decision-making are circumstantial and always changing based on our relationship with our surroundings. The suppression of deviant behavior is not accomplished by the individual alone but within a given context of surrounding relationships. Rehabilitation support has so far focused on who is the cause of problems and why they occur, but the systems approach looks at what actions occurred in what circumstances under the mutual interaction of multiple people.


The Necessity of Social Networks in Preventing Social Isolation
The goal of the systems approach is behavioral change of the subject that amounts to the subject adopting socially appropriate behavior. Dialogical communication is a good way of achieving this goal. Dialogical communication is not simply an exchange of information about experiences and emotions in conversation, but a dialogue that fosters engagement with others through communication. For example, by asking someone “What do you prefer to be called?” rather than asking “What is your name?”, you prompt the subject into thinking before responding. The subject is presented with a variety of ways of viewing matters to prompt self-reflection on a deeper level and, by creating a reciprocal situation through dialogue, altering their presumptions.
From the standpoint of the systems approach, rehabilitation involves reintegrating the subject into a social network, hence how a subject connects with their surroundings is important. By contrast, when considering rehabilitation from the point of view of correction and rehabilitation, facilitating dialogue and fostering a means of building a social network are huge challenges.

Studying Endeavors in the Field
By bringing the achievements of the systems approach and dialogical communication to a wider audience, we may be able to change how correction and rehabilitation are implemented on a practical level. To date, I have been spreading this clinical skill via training aimed at volunteer probation officers, judges, and family court probation officers. After forming connections with a large number of probation officers, I plan to research the practical adoption of the systems approach. I intend to verify differences with conventional psychotherapy and demonstrate the beneficial effects of the systems approach in concrete data. For now, I am examining how to obtain consent to conduct this research in the field.

　龍谷大学矯正・保護総合センターは、現在、正木文庫などの貴重資料を所蔵しております。所蔵資料を閲覧するには、センターが定める閲覧手続きが必要です。 閲覧希望の方は、以下の「閲覧手続きについて」をクリックし、手続き内容や申請書類、注意事項などをご覧ください。
　なお、團藤文庫につきましては、未だ整理作業が完了していないため、原則として閲覧をお断りしています。例外的に、團藤文庫プロジェクトにおいて公刊論文中で用いた資料（デジタル化したもの）のみを、閲覧対象としています。公開可能なものにつきましては、当センターホームページ（以下の「アーカイブス」）で順次公開していますので、そちらをご覧ください。

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Ass. Prof. Akiko KOGAWARA

Ass. Prof. Akiko KOGAWARA
Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University; Director, Forensic Methodologies Unit, Criminology Research Center
[Profile]:
Studies the interaction between life and criminal law. Currently reviewing the scientific reliability of arrests and prosecutions based on the theory of shaken baby syndrome.

Was it Truly Abuse?
The Forensic Methodologies Unit deals with the relationship between criminal justice and science. Many different types of scientific evidence, such as DNA testimony and image analysis testimony, are used in court. This unit evaluates the reliability of scientific evidence in light of the findings of domestic and foreign scientists, aiming to set standards that ensure reliable testimonies in criminal trials.
Lately, we have primarily focused on Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) cases, which are increasingly reported in the media. The SBS theory * asserts that the violent shaking of an infant can cause a subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhage, and brain edema. Some doctors consider the presence of these three symptoms (called a triad) to be evidence of abuse. Since many police officers, public prosecutors, and judges also share this view, some parents or caretakers have been arrested, charged, or convicted with child abuse and separated from their children. However, these symptoms can also occur from accidents (such as a fall from somewhere low) or other potential causes (such as a difficult delivery or illness).

* Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) theory started as a hypothesis by an American pediatrician in the 1970s. It is the theory that when there is a triad it is strongly believed that the child was shaken violently.

Review of Prevailing SBS Theory in Japan
Some experts have already cast doubt on the view that this triad is evidence of child abuse by shaking in the U.S., U.K., Sweden, and other countries. In Sweden, various reviews and experiments led to a published report stating the SBS theory is not scientifically reliable, and public prosecutors in Sweden now avoid SBS-based prosecutions. In short, the idea of SBS is better regarded as a hypothesis rather than a theory. Nevertheless, there is still a significant momentum behind the SBS theory among doctors in Japan, and combined with the toughness of public attitudes toward child abuse, it has been challenging to review the theory.
In February 2018, the Forensic Methodologies Unit invited neurosurgeons, lawyers, and victims of false accusations both from Japan and overseas to our international symposium titled Shaken Science—Reviewing SBS/AHT. The medical experts presented much evidence rebutting the SBS theory, and the lawyers and researchers talked about cases involving the SBS theory and identified legal issues.
We plan to continue this research and share our knowledge on the issues with a broader range of audiences, including the public, people involved in medical and childcare, and, most importantly, parents and caretakers raising children.

How should Forensic Science be handled in Criminal Justice?
Establishing the reliability of forensic evidence requires vast amounts of evidential data and careful verification of that data.
There are many types of forensic science commonly used at criminal trials other than the SBS theory, such as DNA test or hair analysis. While they help solve crimes, invalidated or improper forensic science can contribute to wrongful convictions. The Forensic Methodologies Unit intends to establish standards and introduce a paradigm essential to ensure the proper use of science in criminal justice.

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Prof. Yoshiyuki INOUE

Prof. Yoshiyuki INOUE
Professor, Faculty of Law, Ryukoku University; Director, Correctional Religious Studies Unit, Criminology Research Center
[Profile]:
Specialist field of Shin Buddhism (Jodo Shinshu) studies. Author of “Views of Life, Death, and Transcendence in East Asian Thought” (co-author, Ryukoku University edition) and other works.

Prison Chaplaincy Work = Aiming for an Ideal Society
Publishing research papers and holding public research meetings are two potential ways to inform the wider public that prison chaplaincy involves serious confrontation of criminals to assist their spiritual rehabilitation and social reintegration. However, these activities would be meaningless if people only learn of the existence of prison chaplains. I would like people to see the role of the prison chaplain as appealing to an ideal state of society and personal interaction that is mutually supportive and where private society and the government work together beyond the boundaries of religion. I want my research to lead to creating this ideal state of society.

Aiming for an Inclusive Society Based on Shinran’s Ningenkan (View of Humanity)
The true teaching of Pure Land Buddhism (Jodo Shinshu) is the founding spirit of Ryukoku University. From the view of humanity that constitutes Shinran’s basic principles, the work of prison chaplains is an essential topic for contemplation. We tend to see those who commit crimes as different from ourselves. Shinran’s view is that people are influenced by their circumstances and encounters, and we cannot know how and in what way people will change. In other words, it is through mere good fortune that we do not find ourselves in the offender’s shoes.
When a criminal is sentenced to a correctional facility and, from the various hardships they undergo and interactions with prison chaplains, the criminal confronts themselves, reflects on past conduct, and is reintegrated back into society. If they then find it difficult to handle the critical gaze of others and fail to integrate back into society, they run the danger of committing further crimes. Prison chaplains are not only a spiritual bastion for people in correctional facilities, but they can also serve as a bridge to reintegration by coordinating with welfare services and private society in assisting criminals after they re-enter society. In response, society must also have the tolerance to accept offenders and not view them as alien or exclude them from social life. This idea also accords with the university’s spirit of tomoiki (to build life together), which is found in the relationships.

Historical Prison Chaplaincy Work and Finding Relevant Themes Today
Ryukoku University runs a Corrections and Rehabilitation Degree Program based on the religious preaching of the Honganji sect of Shin Buddhism. Nevertheless, prison chaplains and their work providing face-to-face guidance addressing the religious needs of inmates get very little recognition in society. Despite a history of prison chaplaincy work that spans over 100 years in Japan, we are now having difficulty bringing new people into the role.
To serve as the basis for informing society of the work done by prison chaplains, we have started looking at historical prison chaplaincy work and use books, published articles, and other documents to learn about the history of prison chaplaincy. Although the job title of prison chaplain suggests someone who preaches rectification through instruction and admonishment, these days, prison chaplains place greater importance on talking and listening to inmates. The way inmates are treated also changed after World War II, and I believe by understanding the work done by prison chaplains over the course of history we can uncover themes that are relevant today. After extracting these themes, we may then move on and set our sights on creating a program of education for those aiming to become prison chaplains or with an interest in prison chaplaincy.